By estimating the income loss before fired workers find new jobs, some economists argue that this is a benefit worth as much as 15 percent of their pay.
I examine this precise issue by estimating the elasticity of substitution between workers under fixed- and indefinite-term contracts using a traditional nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) framework (Borjas 2003; Manacorda et al. 2012; Ottaviano and Peri 2012).
24 See Table 10 of Appendix 2. 25 Results are shown in Table 11 of the Appendix 2. 26 The gap for female workers is computed by estimating Eq. (1) for the sample of females.
We subsequently relax these restrictions by assuming that absenteeism affects team workers and non-team workers differently, and then by estimating our model separately for small and large firms.
Banks and state-owned companies were closed by a daylong strike by an estimated 10 million workers protesting the sale of government companies and changing laws to make layoffs easier.
Instead, we include the broad array of workers who were hit by firm bankruptcies and estimate the differences between these various groups of workers.
The line ratio method is used by the earlier workers to estimate the electron plasma density and temperature in the PPD source, which are typically ~1011 cm−3 and ~2 5 eV [24], respectively.
So the thousands of photos picked were subsequently inspected by Mechanical Turk workers, who estimated the age and gender of the people in the photos.
The aim of this paper is to develop a Stated Preference experiment to estimate the penalty perceived by commuters (workers and students) when making transfers in multimodal urban trips.
