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Each time a p-value has been computed either by estimating the parameter λ and performing the K.S. test with exactly the same sample (in black), or by estimating the parameter λ on half of the sample and performing the K.S. test on the other half (in red), or by estimating the parameter λ on the whole sample and performing the K.S. test on a subsample of size n 2 / 3 (in green).
The individualized control model for the i-th control was obtained by estimating the parameter values of the fixed-effects in the nullmodel based on all control observations except those of individual i.
Binary covariates were evaluated by estimating the parameter fractional change in one group compared with the other.
Second, we tested whether the evolution of gene expression levels has increased, decreased, or been constant over time by estimating the parameter δ; δ < 1 indicates that the evolution of differences in gene expression patterns occurred early in gene divergence and δ > 1 signifies that evolutionary differences occurred relatively recently.
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5 We illustrated our Bayesian estimation procedure by estimating the parameters of the information gain model using data from a meta-analysis of the Wason task (Oaksford & Chater, 1994).
Constraint can then be inferred directly by estimating the parameters of the mutation-selection model without the potentially misleading estimation of conservation with respect to a reference sequence.
The scope of the architecture was explored by estimating the parameters of a servo position control system.
Identification of the frequency dependent material properties of the sandwich core is conducted by estimating the parameters that define the fractional derivative constitutive model.
Assuming a statistical model with some unknown parameters, we can increase resolution by estimating the parameters from the data at the cost of more computational complexity.
This is confirmed by estimating the parameters of the classic Zuber and Findlay model for the present results and for these of literature.
Finally, well-focused images are obtained by refined parametric compensation of the residual quadratic and cubic phase terms, which is carried out by estimating the parameters through maximizing the image contrast.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com