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We accounted for multiple comparisons and assessed strength of association by estimating the false discovery rate (FDR), the estimated proportion of false discoveries made versus the number of discoveries made at a given significance level (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995) and as we described previously (Patel et al., 2010).
A heuristic means to arrive at these decisions is by estimating the false positive identification rates by performing a search against a randomized decoy database.
The significance of the enrichment associated with each NES can be assessed by estimating the false discovery rate (FDR [ 61]).
Significantly differentially expressed genes were determined by estimating the false discovery rate using a null distribution obtained from the self-self experiments, as described in the Background section.
We evaluated how a positive association between bivalent HPV vaccine and miscarriage risk might be true by estimating the false positive report probability.
Because a large number of genes were tested to determine association with survival, we corrected for multiple testing by estimating the false positive rate.
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Estimating the false discovery rate by the method of Benjamini and Hochberg [42], the adjusted P-value for 68 dependent tests would be 0.011, which implies that all significant associations, except for the combined genotype analyses in relation to obesity, would be false-positive.
By estimating the number of false matches (as above) in matched data sets derived using different strategies, the trade-off between false matches and matches missed due to inconsistent data can be examined.
Because the Set-A cohort was small, we validated our second selection (181 genes) by estimating the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR): this value was consistently low (3.19% indicating only six false positives among the 181 genes designated as significant, data not shown).
This gives us confidence that the methods we applied would not miss large disparities, albeit at the risk of false alarms by estimating the disparities larger than their actual values.
It also corrects for confounding factors like genetic relatedness and population structures by estimating the pair-wise relatedness between all individuals and fitting these to the vector of the phenotype thereby decreasing false positives and false negatives.
More suggestions(16)
by assuming the false
by estimating the dominant
by estimating the two-stage
by conceiving the false
by transcending the false
by using the false
by estimating the optimal
by estimating the new
by accepting the false
by estimating the pooled
by estimating the 'optimal
by fixing the false
by expressing the false
by estimating the current
by estimating the exponential
by estimating the respective
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