The lifetime τ of the surface states can be obtained by estimating the Dingle factor e−D, where D = 2π2EF/(ħeBτVF 2) [24, 31, 33].
The impact of hidden population stratification on our association study was assessed by genomic control (GC) by estimating the inflation factor in the samples.
For this analysis, we instead used a maximum likelihood approach, in which we assumed a Poisson distribution for the number of cases, allowing for extra-Poisson variation by estimating the scale factor.
Empirically, it is interesting to determine the number of common factors of the economy, given that we can summarize a large number of macroeconomic variables in few common trends.1 Furthermore, by estimating the common factors we can observe the orthogonal dynamics of the economy, which is very important for macroeconomic policy.
A major contribution of the IID study in England was calibration of the national surveillance system, i.e. estimating the factor by which the reported number of infections with specified pathogens needed to be multiplied in order to establish the actual number of infections in the community.
Posterior probabilities of the genealogies given our data under both population size priors were compared by estimating the log10 Bayes factor using TRACER 1.4 [36].
The between-sample bias was removed by estimating the library size factor using the estimateSizeFactor function in DESeq [ 37].
Multicollinearity was tested among screened variables in the multivariable logistic regression model by estimating the variance inflation factor (VIF).
We also examined multicollinearity in the regression models by estimating the variance inflation factor and tolerance, and detected no multicollinearity problem.
We checked each model for influential observations, performing the Cook's distance, for multicollinearity by estimating the variance inflation factor (VIF), and we calculated the Moran's Index of residuals, to check their spatial autocorrelation.
