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Therefore, a major goal for industrial microbiology is to increase production by enhancing tolerance phenotypes.
Direct evidence of the involvement of MBF1 in plant responses to environmental stresses was obtained by enhancing tolerance to heat and osmotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing the AtMBF1c gene and more recently AtMBF1a, without growth retardation [ 9, 10].
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Critical interventions required to enhance the efficiency of this yeast for commercial 2nd generation ethanol production include (i) introducing capability to ferment xylose [ 1, 4, 5] and (ii) enhancing tolerance to toxic by-products from steam pretreatment [ 1, 6- 9].
Proline is a known osmoprotectant employed by plants to enhance tolerance to abiotic stress, including drought.
Its primary adaptive meaning is to secure survival over unfavourable seasons in a state of developmental arrest usually accompanied by metabolic suppression and enhanced tolerance to environmental stressors.
The gene encoding ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase (up-regulated by 2.40-fold), conferred enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis plants, resulting from maintenance of NAD + and ATP levels by nucleotide recycling from free ADP-ribose molecules [ 74].
C2H2 zinc finger proteins with ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motifs have been reported to be responsive to ABA [ 53] and to WS [ 54].These findings suggest that ABA and ethylene interact under drought and enhance tolerance by promoting stomatal closure.
In particular, the expression of DMAS1 regulated by an appropriate promoter may significantly enhance tolerance to Fe deficiency by increasing MA production.
We found that exogenous Spd treatment can regulate the metabolic status of polyamines caused by salinity alkalinity stress, and eventually enhance tolerance of tomato plants to salinity alkalinity stress [ 4].
In addition, evolutionary engineering strategies have been successfully applied to S. cerevisiae for optimizing bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials, by improving, for instance, simultaneous fermentation of xylose and arabinose [ 14], by enhancing the tolerance to high temperature and inhibitors [ 15] and by improving the tolerance to hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass [ 16].
Our previous results showed that exogenous Spd promoted the conversion of free putrescine to free Spd and spermine under salinity-alkalinity stress (Hu et al., [2012]), which suggested that exogenous Spd treatment can regulate the metabolic status of polyamines caused by salinity-alkalinity stress, and eventually enhance tolerance of tomato plants to salinity-alkalinity stress.
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