Ecosystems are characterized by dynamic ecological processes, such as flooding and fires, but spatial models are often limited to a single measurement in time.
Disruptive selection can be caused by a variety of ecological processes, such as resource competition, frequency dependent predation, sexual conflict and multiple-niche environments [ 1, 2].
Animals often targeted by local and indigenous hunters are involved in key ecological processes such as seed dispersal and seed predation [50].
In particular, few studies examine the effect of restoration on ecological processes such as spawning.
Terrestrial landscape ecological studies have shown that patch structure is important for ecological processes such as foraging, connectivity, predation, and species dynamics.
These processes influence microbial growth and population dynamics, in combination with other ecological processes, such as predation [2].
"Soil sciences" refer to journals about soils but with little emphasis on biological and ecological processes such as the European Journal of Soil Sciences.
For example, by using the results of the analyses presented here to simultaneously consider both temperature and precipitation, we can gain greater insight into how potential future climatic changes may interact to alter ecological processes, such as soil moisture dynamics [22], fire occurrence [21], and carbon sequestration [23].
However, ecological processes such as competitive exclusion occur at the level of individuals, populations or species, not communities.
We use an individual-based model that combines the quantitative genetics of evolving life-history traits with individual-level ecological processes of growth, survival, and reproduction and with population-level ecological processes such as density dependence and environmental variability.
