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Apoptosis is generally characterized by early expression of Phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation & DNA fragmentation, and thus detecting the appearance of PS on the outer cell membrane is a sensitive means to confirm the apoptotic mode of cell death.
The large majority of this subset was induced by early expression of RhlR.
Nineteen genes were also activated by the addition of 3OC12-HSL and C4-HSL signals alone, but their induction levels were comparatively low and all of them could be induced further by early expression of RhlR (Fig. 3).
Among the genes significantly induced by early expression of LasR, RhlR, or RpoS were 47% of all genes activated early by addition of signals to cells in conditioned medium [ 19].
Overall, there was a good correlation between the genes induced by early expression of LasR or RhlR, and their signal specificity determined by addition of 3OC12-HSL or both 3OC12-HSL and C4-HSL to a signal generation mutant [ 8].
The high [Cl ]i in immature neurons is generated by early expression of NKCC1 and delayed expression of KCC2; the latter is a key molecule for switching the effect of GABA from excitation to inhibition (Rivera et al. 1999; Yamada et al. 2004; for review, see Blaesse et al. 2009).
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This accelerated development is confirmed by earlier expression of a gene up-regulated during early development, pkaC (Figure 7C).
The mutants are characterized by earlier expression of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and a decrease in photosynthetic genes in late stages.
In Strigamia, however, Brena and Akam now show that the segments of the posterior head are demarcated by early expression waves of Eve and Delta that sweep across most of the blastoderm.
Many QS genes could be activated in logarithmic phase by the early expression of LasR, RhlR, and RpoS, but not by signal addition.
Martinez, S., Wassef, M. & Alvarado-Mallart, R. M. Induction of a mesencephalic phenotype in the 2-day-old chick prosencephalon is preceded by the early expression of the homeobox gene en.
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