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The integral intensities were calculated by double integration of the first-derivative EPR spectra.
In particular a procedure to calculate the bridge displacement to a moving truck by double integration of bridge acceleration is presented.
Displacement, classically measured by double integration of an accelerometer, was determined in an alternative way using a more accurate incremental optical encoder.
As a result, displacement waveforms obtained by double integration of strong-motion data often exhibit large drifts, making the accurate recovery of static displacements difficult (Boore et al. 2002; Boore and Bommer 2005).
The analytical curves were obtained by double integration of the curvature diagram at each time instant, with the curvature determined at cross-sections at 155 mm centers along the span using the layered cross-section approach of Gilbert et al. (2012).
However, IMU-based tracking system calculates the position by double integration of measured acceleration, and with double integration, calculation errors grow rapidly, thus the system being not reliable for a long-time tracking without the aid of GPS or another reference system.
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Theoretically, attitude can be calculated by integrating the angular velocity, velocity can be calculated by integrating the acceleration, and position can be calculated by the double integration of the acceleration.
The translations of crossties were obtained by the double integration of accelerations and the rotations were represented in terms of the Euler angles.
Quantitation of the EPR signal was performed by double integration.
Spectra were background corrected and subtracted, and normalized by the absolute number of spins in each sample as quantified by double integration using Xenon software (Eaton et al., 2010).
Multiple scattering terms can be expressed by double integration with respect to frequency and wavenumber.
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