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Comparing the studies demonstrates that the results with respect to the individual MRI parameters vary widely, which can be caused by differing study designs as well as different study populations.
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Family-based association studies were also excluded due to differing study designs.
However, direct comparison with other trial data provide only limited information due to differing study designs.
The differences between these findings and the previous five dimensions observed [ 3] may be explained by differing populations and study designs.
Effect sizes differed by study design.
Our results are consistent with the results of Zingone et al., although the studies differ by study design.
Risk estimates differed by study design, with cohort studies generating an RR of 1.55 (1.79, 1.79) and case-control studies, 1.95 (1.61, 2.36) (Table 2; Figure 3).
A meta-regression analysis was performed to investigate whether the association between obesity and risk of gallbladder cancer differed by study design or sex.
In addition, the inverse association between physical activity and GDM risk did not differ by study design (i.e., prospective vs. retrospective) in our meta-regression, alleviating the concern for recall bias among the retrospective studies.
Conclusion The reporting of data related to the applicability of results was poor in published articles of both non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials and did not differ by study design.
A meta-regression analysis was used to investigate whether the association between alcoholic beverage and risk of renal cell cancer differed by study design (case control and cohort studies), sex, smoking adjustment (yes, no), or hypertension adjustment (yes, no).
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