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Even for the same event, however, such as spreading depression (SD) or osmotic challenge, signals of opposite polarities (increase or decrease) have been obtained by different investigators using similar set-ups under similar conditions.
Each of the analyses was done by different investigators, using different models, different sets of assumptions, and different populations.
Finally, the term 'definition' will describe the numerous and varied groupings that can be created by different investigators using different indicators.
Replication is defined as doing the analyses in a different population, preferably by different investigators, using different methods to avoid introduction of bias.
One has to be very careful when conducting cross-species comparisons of next-generation sequencing libraries that are generated by different investigators using different protocols.
However, gene signatures defined by different investigators using different methods can be quite various even when applied on the same disease and the same endpoint.
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A controversy over this question has arisen recently because different investigators using different techniques have obtained very different answers.
Triton X-100 was selected as it has been widely used by different investigators and shows good stability (Ashrafizadeh and Kamran 2010; Hasan et al. 2010; Abdurahman et al. 2012).
Goldman (1997) argues that any such constraint is inconsistent with the introspectionist methodology employed in various areas of contemporary cognitive science and that this undercuts 'the traditional view … that scientific evidence can be produced only by intersubjective methods that can be used by different investigators and will produce agreement' (p. 95).
Other explanations for the discrepancies in microchimerism results are differences in experimental designs and the sensitivity and specificity of the techniques used by different investigators [18].
Indeed, different adjuvants, routes of administration, antigen doses, vaccination regimens and even mouse strains were used by different investigators.
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