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Environmental variation is manifested by different coefficients of natural selection, the costs to the host of resistance and to the parasite of virulence, the cost to the host of being diseased and the cost to an avirulent parasite of unsuccessfully attacking a resistant host.
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The corrosion of outer steel tube leads to a large reduction of column strength, and the influences of the preload and long-term sustained load can be tentatively estimated by multiplying different coefficients together.
The random coefficient analysis, deals with within-physician correlations by allowing different coefficients to be random.
While we address this issue to some extent by calculating different coefficients over different remoteness/rurality categories, this approach may be supplemented in the future with approaches that conceptualize space as a continuous surface.
A more complex approach is taken by TARN; their Ps04 and Ps12 survival prediction models incorporate age effects by applying eight different coefficients according to age group and an additional eight coefficients for interaction effects between age and gender.
The weak point for Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) modules in terms of reliability is thermal fatigue in solder joints due to the thermal stress induced by constitutive materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE).
A number of SNR values were simulated by multiplying f with different coefficients.
A principal component is actually a linear combination of the original variables, each of which is weighted by a different coefficient.
This is supported by the fact that drastically different coefficients were found when correlating lignin contents with ethanol yields from stem or leaf samples (rstem = –0·65 and rleaf = –0·31).
The polarization switching behaviors of INC phases are governed by the flexocoupling types described by different flexocoupling coefficients.
Recently, Zeng et al. (2016) demonstrated a spreading effect caused by different partition coefficients of CO2-soluble surfactants based on published data (Ren et al. 2013) through 1D simulation during co-injection.
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