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The several species are easily recognized by differences in songs, behaviour, and morphology.
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Since we did not control for male courtship song in this study, it seems likely that a proportion of the remaining variation in male fitness could be explained by differences in courtship songs between males.
Some birds that a human could not distinguish by sight as belonging to different species can recognize one another by subtle differences in song, Mr. McGowan said, and other species engage in elaborate and distinctive courtship displays when mating.
The discrepancy between blackbirds and great tits may be explained by species differences in song-copying behaviour or distinct variation in singing style.
These behavioral differences are paralleled by differences in the neural architecture and biochemistry of the song control pathways, which give rise to learned vocal behavior in males (distance calls and song) but not in females [10], [11], [12].
This approach is, however, only applicable to simple trilled songs, and even then may be affected by differences in syllable complexity.
Consequently, differences in song perception between males and females could potentially lead to conflicting selection pressures on song structure.
We categorized males as sexually motivated or non-sexually motivated based on individual differences in song produced in response to a female.
This would lead to individual differences in song repertoires that mirror the degree of contact with the acoustic environment as shaped by personality.
The criteria we used to describe the general differences in song structure are listed in Additional File 1.
The same approach was used to demonstrate differences in song rates dependent on the female mating state.
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