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In critical care observational studies, when clinicians administer different treatments to sicker patients, any treatment comparisons will be confounded by differences in severity of illness between patients.
The fact that the gender differences in brain reactivity were significant after covarying for the doses of cocaine used indicates that the gender differences were not driven by differences in severity of drug use between the genders.
It is a heterogeneous disease, as reflected by differences in severity, pathogenesis and treatment outcome.
The observed association between health care provider type and survival could be confounded by differences in severity of illness.
This may be explained by differences in severity of illness as measured by the need for ICU admission.
In part, this disparity may be driven by differences in severity and stage of illness of the dementia cohorts involved in the different studies.
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Of note, heterogeneity of results can also be caused by differences in disease severity, as changes were more obvious in severe sepsis patients [ 40, 41, 46, 51] than in sepsis patients.
Conclusions about purging effects in our own study were somewhat complicated by differences in the severity of stress experienced by the different study populations in a common environment.
However, the onset of these changes, preceded by an altered gene expression, differs in individual studies and can be explained by differences in the severity of hyperglycemia, chronicity of diabetes, and experimental conditions.
These discrepancies might be explained, at least in part, by differences in the severity of the cognitive impairments associated with the different AD samples.
This did not appear to be explained by differences in clinical severity between countries, as Poland did not have a higher percentage of severe cases than Spain or Italy (Table 1).
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