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The results showed several such associations, which were not explained by differences in reading exposure and were not restricted to verbal cognitive domains.
These associations are present at least as early as age 7, and are not to the extent we were able to test this possibility driven by differences in reading exposure.
The associations of reading ability with intelligence found in the initial model may, in part, be driven by differences in reading exposure, or alternatively, exposure may have its own, independent links to intelligence beyond those of ability.
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This discrepancy may be explained by differences in read-out (i.e., 3-day lymphocyte proliferation in Benyahia's study [ 1] vs. overnight cytokine production in ours) and the use of recombinant HuD protein [ 1] versus a protein-spanning 15-mer peptide pool (this manuscript).
The relation between print exposure and reading skill is reciprocal: Individual differences in print exposure both predict and are predicted by individual differences in reading and reading-related skills (Mol & Bus, 2011).
This idea is supported by research showing that differences in reading attitudes are explained more appropriately by gender identity rather than sex (McGeown et al. 2012).
The major aim of PIRLS is to describe and compare the level of students' reading competencies in different countries and to explain the differences in reading competencies by so-called contextual factors.
However, statistically significant differences in reading scores by gender are not observed at any other remaining percentiles or test grades.
The differences in reading progress can't be explained by differences in tutoring and other types of remediation, Hoeft says.
This phenomenon can be partially explained by the differences in read lengths between the studies (Table 2), as longer read lengths are more likely to be positively annotated than shorter read lengths [23], [24].
We induced differences in Υ ij among samples by simulating differences in read coverage among samples.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com