We used Arriaga's (1984) discrete decomposition method to estimate how much of the total difference in life expectancy at birth between the two populations was contributed by difference in mortality in a specific age group [ 24, 35].
We found that the between hospital variability of in-hospital standardised mortality ratios could be partly explained by differences in post-discharge mortality and length of stay.
The relative contributions of these 3 causes of death vary both within and between countries [ 2], and are in part reflected by differences in the neonatal mortality rate (NMR – neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births).
In this section we use the equations presented above to determine how much of the racial gap in life expectancy was generated by differences in cause-specific mortality for black men versus white men, and for black women versus white women, respectively, in 2000 and in 2010.
Over the same period, cold-related mortality estimates show a relatively smaller decline (e.g., by approximately 16% and 17% between the 2020s and 2050s in the United Kingdom and Australia, respectively, for constant populations) that will be largely offset by demographic changes, as suggested by the differences in mortality estimates based on constant versus projected populations.
Therefore, estimated habitat-specific differences in local survival are most likely caused by true differences in mortality.
In 2000 the racial gap was generated equally by racial differences in mortality among men and among women (2.9 and 2.8 years, respectively: Table 3).
An example of such analysis is the research conducted by Nusselder et al. [ 11] showing that gender gap in HLE and UHLE in two groups of European countries are masked by gender differences in mortality and morbidity.
Unlike analyses of cumulative incidence over a long time interval (Gray, 1988), these analyses would not be distorted by differences in the amount of competing mortality among the intervention groups.
War-related losses are estimated by comparing sex differences in mortality during the 1860s with sex differences in mortality in the 1850s and 1870s.
