Our results are in line with the view that dependent plant community composition on a landscape level is mainly driven by differences in plot elevation (Frahm and Gradstein 1991; Wolf 1993; Hietz and Hietz-Seifert 1995; Kessler 2000), climate (Benzing 1998 a ), aspect and degree of exposure.
At landscape scales (1 100 km2), fire frequency and severity may also be influenced by local-scale differences in elevation and aspect, including fire barriers in rugged terrain.
Although this study did not examine in detail the mechanisms through which topographic convergences form, they may be induced by differences in surface roughness or elevation between land and sea areas and/or by thermally induced local winds (land breezes).
Clearly, despite the codified positions established by the choreography, there are systematic differences in elevation angles according to the year of ballet production.
Each pair of adjacent fringes represents a difference in surface elevation of half a wavelength of the light used, so differences in elevation can be measured by counting the fringes.
This can be explained by differences in surface topography (for example, elevation of land) and inundation frequency and duration inundation is more frequent and lasts longer in the downstream region than in the upstream region.
Separation of the loadings of the white pine provenances on the principle component axes at each site indicated that radial growth was affected by differences in the latitude, longitude, and elevation of provenance origin, depending on test site location.
This variability is likely caused by differences in whisker movement and whisker elevation across trials.
The estimation of the incision that occurred during the degradation phase was assessed by the difference in elevation between gravel surfaces, whereas the changes introduced by restoration interventions in two reaches were evaluated through the comparison of topographic cross sections surveyed in year 2000 and a high-resolution bathymetric LiDAR survey flown in late 2012.
Thus, the differences in elevation in the Tien Shan are extreme, exceeding 4.5 miles (7 km).
