Overall, such ecological reorganization of assemblages appears to be triggered by global climatic changes and modulated by the differences in ecological specialization of the implied species, similarly to what was observed in earlier periods of faunal replacement in Spain [ 36, 65].
Given that islands are spatially limited and have simpler ecological backgrounds compared to continents, both diversification processes and cladogenesis-phenotype links may follow different trajectories mediated by their intrinsic differences in ecological opportunity, which is expected to be more common on islands [ 1, 21– 23].
This concept is illustrated by the rapidly changing tree communities in our study area, which appear to be diverging in composition among the three cattle ranches (Figure 5), and by other key differences in ecological dynamics among the ranches (Table 1, Figure 3).
As a result, we know little about the differences in ecological relationships between different Phragmites haplotypes.
Decisions about the appropriate management and utilization of forests create a vigorous area that is fueled by differences in social, cultural, environmental and ecological aspects concerning "optimal" forest management and utilization strategies for enhancing the contribution of forests to the mitigation of climate change.
As differences in ecological data are often better represented by non-Euclidean distance metrics, we used Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to visually explore similarities and differences in composition in thistle versus non-thistle plots and differences between sites.
Significant differences in ecological parameters between the two sites were determined by Student's t test.
There may be subtle differences in ecological, behavioral, or genetic properties between the colonies studied by Gill and Hammond [ 29] and those in our study.
As well, these differences directly contribute to differences in ecological product consuming behavior.
Species traits which may explain differences in ecological strategy usually vary widely.
