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Learning disabilities are caused by differences in brain structure.
Dr. Gray said the findings indicated that the variations in test performances were mirrored by differences in brain activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in working memory, planning and goal-directed activity.
He said that individual species of early Homo were more easily recognizable by jaw structure and facial features than by differences in brain size, which tend to be highly variable.
While the comparison of skull extremes is informative, it would also be of value to investigate whether morphological differences in skull shape across a wide variety of breeds are accompanied by differences in brain organization.
Some of these SNPs have been shown to elevate promoter activity when coupled to marker genes and may also associate with elevated expression in post-mortem brain samples, although these studies may be confounded by differences in brain pH [37].
In the second example, we consider the case of optical imaging across multiple subjects, where now in addition to variations in the optical probe sensitivity, additional errors are introduced by differences in brain anatomy from one subject to another.
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Since frontal brain volume measures may be influenced by differences in total brain size, FreeSurfer derived estimates of intra-cranial volume (ICV) were included.
Such differences might be explained by other phenomena, e.g. by differential coupling efficacies at GABAergic terminals or by differences in tonic brain endocannabinoid levels.
Note that generally when effectiveness (accuracy) does not covary with anxiety, the effects of anxiety on efficiency are simply determined by differences in effort (brain activation).
In the early days, Frank Beach famously resisted the conclusion that differences in sexual behavior in male and female rodents were caused by differences in the brain, instead pointing to feedback from the genitalia as an obvious possible mediator (for discussion, see [ 171]).
Second, susceptibility to mystical experiences is likely influenced by individual differences in brain biology, such as orientation toward more right or left hemisphere utilization, and experience.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com