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Conclusion: Prepubertal African American children have higher baseline and glucose-stimulated insulin and C-peptide levels, as well as reduced insulin sensitivity that is not entirely explained by differences in adiposity.
South Asians are more insulin resistant than Europeans, which cannot be fully explained by differences in adiposity.
Thus, it appears that the increased insulin resistance in South Asians cannot be fully explained by differences in adiposity and/or abdominal fat accumulation.
Racial differences in type 2 diabetes risk have been incompletely accounted for by differences in adiposity, partly because of disparities in the relationships between adiposity and other risk factors such as insulin and lipid levels (1).
Differences in MCRI by race/ethnicity (lower in African Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites) and glucose tolerance were largely explained by differences in adiposity, SI, and AIR.
However, the association between SOCS3 and T2D was not significant in the study of Chambers and colleagues after adjustment for BMI, suggesting that the observed association with T2D in their study may be driven by differences in adiposity between their T2D cases and controls.
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Finally, because the association between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes may be mediated by baseline differences in adiposity or changes in adiposity during follow-up, we estimated HRs with further adjustment for baseline waist circumference (model 3) and, also, change in body weight or change in waist circumference (most recent measurement minus baseline measurement).
Another aim was to determine if the potential associations between PA and fitness are explainable by differences in the level of adiposity.
Abdominal subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat areas were adjusted for differences in age and total body fat mass to examine differences in abdominal fat distribution independent of menopause-related differences in adiposity.
As body composition is an important determinant of insulin sensitivity59, it was paramount to consider body fat as a potential confounder, so that differences in adiposity were controlled for in our statistical analyses.
We repeated the models for the Pelotas data adjusting for percentage body fat (measured by deuterium dilution) but the findings were largely unchanged (data not shown), suggesting that this association is not mediated via differences in adiposity composition.
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