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P # means P values were calculated by deviance analysis for logistic regression model after adjusted for gender and age.
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We used stepwise techniques for inclusion and exclusion of variables in the model, testing the significance of each individual variable by means of a deviance analysis.
As the counts of lipofuscin granules (Fig 5D) are expressed as discrete numbers, these were analyzed by deviance from a Negative Binomial generalized linear models (Venables & Ripley, 2002) (P value analysis of deviance: Fig 5D: 1.7 × 10 7).
We repeated the analysis for all threshold values to identify a possible threshold that minimized the mean deviance.
Further, the effects of each variable selected in the model and the possible interactions between variables were tested by an analysis of deviance.
The statistical significance of main effects and interaction terms in the model was tested with F-tests by analysis of deviance, which involved looking at the change in deviance caused by the removal of each term from the maximal model after having allowed for overdispersion in the data by calculating a variance heterogeneity coefficient with the Williams algorithm (25, 26 ).
By deviances, Morales was taken to mean homosexuality.
As indicator for the improvement from the null model to the two-level model, we calculated McFadden's (1973) adjusted R-squared (= 1−[−2LL2-level model/−2LLnull model] = 1−[9,827.192−10,039.848]) and found an error reduction of only 2.1percentt, but which remains significant by analysis of deviance (χ2-test).
Models fit to the data were compared by chi-square analysis of deviance.
Variation in final frequencies of virulent isolates in the field competition experiments were analysed by means of Analysis of Deviance, based on a logistic regression (GENMOD procedure; SAS).
c The significance of the factor is assessed by comparing the deviance for the model including that factor and the deviance for the null (no factor) model and is indicated by *p<0.05 ***<0.01 *** p<0.001.
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