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The adjoint or dual problem is described by defining the quantity of interest in a functional form.
By defining the quantity of the mass loss is noted: M eros, the rate of erosion noted R eros, can be calculated by reporting M eros to a unit mass corresponding to a depth of 1 cm that is M tot.
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The reason for defining the quantity ΓBOTH/ΓNIM will become clear in the next section.
That is attained by defining the loading functions in quantities that are thermodynamically conjugated to the damage variables.
According to Marzke and Wheeler (1964), Bohr and Rosenfeld "have stressed that every proper theory should provide in and by itself its own means for defining the quantities with which it deals.
The remaining quantities which enter into the natural boundary conditions at each edge of the shell are incorporated into the complete system of equations by defining those quantities at each boundary in terms of the displacements.
If the intensities of the two apertures are equal, then the results (1) through (5) can be summarized by defining a quantity in terms of the maximum intensity (Imax) and the minimum intensity (Imin), called the visibility (V) of the fringes i.e., V = (Imax - Imin)/(Imax + Imin).
We construct a word counting framework by first defining the quantity ui(t) as the number of times word i is used in year t.
Simplify the formulas in the first place by defining intermediate quantities or adopting notational conventions (e.g., "the t subscript will be dropped when it is clear from context").
The local uncertainty principle was demonstrated in [12] by defining local quantities as conditional standard deviations, while the standard formulation of the uncertainty principle is in terms of global standard deviation.
Here, we demonstrate how these deficiencies can be resolved by defining thermodynamic quantities with respect to the backward-lightcone of an observation event.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com