By coupling the heat transfer with the ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) moving mesh and coating thickness model, this 3D model is able to investigate the temperature evolution of a coating which simultaneously grows according to the nozzle trajectory.
Simultaneously, the energy conserving complexes I, III and IV build up a trans-membrane electrochemical gradient by coupling the electron transfer activity to proton translocation from the matrix to the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
A computational model was developed by coupling the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, and the chemical reaction.
A two-dimensional heat transfer model was developed by coupling the latent heat, which is generated during the MD process, into the energy conservation equation.
Based on multi-step reaction and deposition models including the hydrogen inhibition model of pyrocarbon growth, transient 2D simulations of chemical vapor infiltration of methane were carried out by a finite element method (FEM) coupling the mass transfer (by convection and diffusion) and the evolutive surface area model with gas-phase and surface chemical reactions.
This is achieved by coupling a transfer matrix model of the wall or floor to statistical energy analysis subsystem models of the adjacent room volumes.
The upper limit is estimated by coupling heat transfer mechanisms like particle shape, Brownian motion and nanolayer while the lower limit is based on Maxwell's equation [74].
Based on the multi-step reaction and deposition models, including the hydrogen inhibition model of pyrocarbon growth, transient 3D simulations of the CVI using methane as a precursor of the pyrocarbon were carried out via the finite element method coupling the mass transfer (by convection and diffusion) and the evolutive porous structure model with gas-phase and surface chemical reactions.
The analyses were conducted by coupling transient heat transfer analysis with implicit dynamic stress analysis.
Living cells are able to harvest energy by coupling exergonic electron transfer between reducing and oxidising substrates to the generation of chemiosmotic potential.
