Sentence examples for by constant mutation and from inspiring English sources

RNA viruses exist as dynamic and diverse populations shaped by constant mutation and selection.

And this is selection that occurred in just the last 25,000 to 5,000 years, because the signal from older episodes of selection is muffled by constant mutation in the DNA sequence.

"Constant mutation and adaptation are the survival mechanisms of viruses and other microbes.

The Red Queen hypothesis [ 57] explains that host-parasites interactions must be characterized by constant mutations in both systems in order for parasites to efficiently infect the host and for the host to survive or avoid the parasitic attack.

Bacteria undergo constant mutations and horizontal gene transfer that help them compete in particular ecological niches.

As such, by assuming a constant mutation rate and effective population size prior to lineage divergence, we have X ∼ Pois (μ (t i s + t j s − 2 d (i, j ) ) ), (2)and Y ∼ Geom (1 1 + 2 N μ ).

The second experiment tested the null hypothesis that given a problem, which is always solvable (to the global optimum) by a constant mutation rate GA, there would be no significant difference in the efficiency between the constant mutation rate GA and a GA with an adaptive mutation rate, based on the derivative of the fitness function with respect to generation.

Employing a refined mutation filtering scheme and constant mutation rate model, the mutation rates were estimated and the possible date of emergence was calculated.

The probability of resistance is the same as the probability to generate mutants, which is defined by the number of cell divisions (and the constant mutation rate).

This analysis applied to our dataset revealed 10 sites within 37 mitochondrial genes (coding and non-coding) with a higher number of mutations than expected by neutral evolution assuming a constant mutation spectrum along the genome (shown in Supplementary file 4).

Urban land-use planning and management are in constant mutation throughout the world.