Exact(1)
This is measured by computing the semantic similarity between GO-terms they are annotated with.
Similar(7)
The last three networks considered in this work have been constructed by computing the Resnik semantic similarities [44] between the terms of each division of the Gene Ontology: biological process, molecular function and cellular component.
Figure 7 The details of computing the semantic set map.
The similarity measure between two proteins was quantified by computing the frequencies of a set of functional terms that two proteins share based on semantic similarity measure [46].
In parallel, we identify and highlight core terms in a 3-level tree structure and compute the semantic similarities by comparing the tree-based structures.
In order to convey the semantics, we use Google Word2vec [23] to compute the semantic distance of two keyterms.
The Mapper computes the semantic similar terms for each topic term generated by the document cluster and reducer aggregate these terms and counts the frequencies of these terms (topic terms and semantic similar terms of topic terms) aggregately.
That is, we compute the semantic distance, the topological distance, metric distance and direction distance.
Related(1)
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com