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The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by complex communities of microorganisms, which outnumber the eukaryotic host cells by one order of magnitude [1].
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Again, their loss in insects might be explained by their hosting of complex communities of bacterial, fungal and viral symbionts when feeding on plants hosting pathogens and producing toxic chemicals (Frago et al. 2012) that would be protective without the need for vault particles.
Thus, while wood frogs were not so affected by complex community-based effects of Malathion, leopard frogs were very vulnerable.
Complex communities of bacteria inhabit the feathers of all birds.
Subjects with BV have complex communities of vaginal bacteria.
The gut in a homeostatic state equates with a functional digestive system, cellular barrier stability and properly regulated recognition of self and non-self antigens, as managed by a complex community of resident microbes.
10 12 The human body is inhabited by a complex community of microbes, collectively referred to as microbiota.
This remarkable fermentative transformation is performed by a complex community of symbiotic microorganisms present in the rumen.
In Simulations 3 and 4, we considered more complex communities consisting of 113 microbial genomes from the collection of genomes provided by the FAMeS dataset [ 45, 46].
Many of these organisms are found to be residing in complex communities known as biofilms; communities of organisms surrounded by a self-produced exopolysaccharide matrix, irreversibly attached to a live or inert surface [ 2].
Moreover, by considering the coexistence of antagonism, mutualism and competition, Mougi and Kondoh [21] showed that interaction-type diversity generally enhanced stability of complex communities.
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