We controlled for the potent hypotensive effect of Y27632 by comparing its effects with those of the direct vasodilator, hydralazine (Sawada et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2008).
We assessed the efficacy, acceptability, and safety of a topical alkane vapocoolant spray for reducing pain with intravenous cannulation in adults by comparing its effects with a control (water) spray.
First, costs could be used to assess allocative efficiency by determining whether a program provides value for money, for example, by comparing its costs and effects to those of other investments in health (e.g. food assistance versus tuberculosis control).
Second, costs could be used to assess technical efficiency by determining whether a program provides value for money within the same domain, for instance, by comparing its costs and effects with those of alternative options for providing food assistance.
The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of an efficient strategy was determined by comparing its additional costs and effects with those of the next less costly and less effective efficient strategy.
The model was validated by comparing its predictions with the observed effects, and then used to explore combinations of polymer microstructure and particle morphology not attainable with the system used as a case study.
We established the policy effect by comparing it before (March 2012) with after(21 months later-December later-December 2012
Therefore, we investigated whether the effect of doxorubicin on decreasing the B7-H1 was due to its effect on the proliferation by comparing the effect of docetaxel and doxorubicin on cell proliferation.
We further examined the relationship between coinfection enhancement in Φ6 and the use of host pilus as the phage receptor by comparing the effect of infection on attachment rate in Φ6 and its close relative Φ12.
