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If the former, the most likely explanation would be that they were there by common descent from animal ancestors.
The loss suffered by the genes of the altruist are compensated by genes in the recipient made identical by common descent of the altruist and recipient.
These tribal societies are organized into clans defined by common descent; they maintain stability through similar structures of authority; and they have defined codes of honor revolving around hospitality to guests and revenge against enemies.
The theory of evolution makes statements about three different, though related, issues: (1) the fact of evolution that is, that organisms are related by common descent; (2) evolutionary history the details of when lineages split from one another and of the changes that occurred in each lineage; and (3) the mechanisms or processes by which evolutionary change occurs.
Figure 5: Vertebrate wings are homologous as forelimbs; they are derived by common descent from the same structure.
Drawing also on the tradition of species realism developed within the Buffonian tradition, Darwin also affirmed that species and varieties were defined by common descent and material relations of interbreeding.
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Michel Seymour's proposal of a "socio-cultural definition" adds a political dimension to the purely cultural one: a nation is a cultural group, possibly but not necessarily united by a common descent, endowed with civic ties (Seymour 2000).
On the other hand, Gil-White [10] argues that our cognitive architecture has evolved in such a way as to "essentialize" ethnic groups as if they were different species, and is initially determined by assessment of morphological characters, then reinforced or overridden by knowledge of common descent.
Darwin brushed away this conflict in a single pgraph by showing that common descent could explain the common body plans of related organisms, and that natural selection could explain their adaptive differences as they were modified to fit the conditions of existence.
These sequences are termed idiomorphs, to denote that they are not obviously related by structure or common descent [1].
It is worth noting that the term of idiomorph was indeed proposed by Metzenberg and Glass in 1990 to denote that mating-type sequences "are not obviously related by structure or common descent" [1].
More suggestions(18)
by common origin
by shared descent
by common sense
by common consensus
by common agreement
by common law
by common estimate
by patrilineal descent
by common experience
by common consent
by common definition
by common cause
by étale descent
by common suffering
by common acclaim
by hill descent
by common humanity
by common usage
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