These findings indicate a potential role for ERK in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on surfaces modified by specific chemical functional groups, indicating that the microenvironment affects the differentiation of BMSCs.
The gas separation performance can be tuned by changing the two energy barriers, which can be realized by varying the chemical functional groups on the pore rim of the graphene.
Plasma treatment results in physical and chemical changes by introducing new chemical functional groups, improvement in hydrophilicity and surface permeability (Besunder et al. 2010; Lee et al. 2008; Mirzadeh et al. 2015).
Recently, nucleic acid is successfully combined with other nanometre-scale entities, sometimes by modifying with chemical functional groups, to obtain a wide range of nanomaterials which in certain cases have been characterized with atomic level precision.
The introduction of plasma in the ALD process is found to be crucial for the initial growth of ALD deposition by forming the chemical functional groups, such as hydroxyl -OH group, which is also mostly responsible for the enhancement of surface wettability in terms of water contact angle.
Various nanogel properties can be attained by altering the chemical functional groups, cross-linking density, and surface-active and stimuli-responsive elements [ 58].
Chemical composition and chemical functional groups were probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
The results showed that the wettability of the basalt fiber was remarkably increased, accompanied by physical etching and by the formation of chemical functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen on the fiber surface.
The macroscopic changes were monitored by permeability measurement and mechanical strength tests coupled with a microscopic characterization by ATR-FTIR (to identify the chemical functional groups affected by ageing) and SEM (to visualize qualitatively the surface changes and deteriorations).
This endeavor is challenged by the lack of alterations in chemical functional groups introduced by these lesions, necessitating a structural and/or enzymatic approach for their identification in vivo.
