All the processes observed [ 14– 20] could be induced by the changes of water structures, which weaken the interactions between the water molecules and membrane surfaces and strengthens the hydrophobic effects.
The ability of teleost fishes to maintain circulating calcium [Ca2+] within narrow limits is well documented [ 4- 6] and is mediated by rapid rate changes of water and calcium exchange in gill, intestine, kidney and skin epithelia [reviewed in [ 3]].
The main biological processes affected by short-term changes of water [Ca2+] were those related to muscle contraction, cytoskeleton organization and cytokinesis, with a rapid up-regulation of several actin, myosin and troponin forms, α-tropomyosin and α-actinin3, among others, 2 h after exposure to low [Ca2+].
With RAS, the presence of fish feed in water rapidly increased water flow delivered by the airlift because of changes of water quality and gas holdup.
Sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated (two changes of xylene, 100%and95%5% ethanol, 5 minutes each, followed by 5 minutes in 75% ethanol, two changes of water and two changes of PBS) and either stained with toluidine blue or processed for immunohistochemistry.
With respect to the heat transfer process, the latent heat produced by the phase change of water is carefully evaluated by the equivalent heat capacity method.
The strain caused by the phase change of water into ice was determined by the Differential Analysis of Volumetric Strains (DAVS).
In our previous work, we confirmed the adequacy of these fundamental characteristics of gas/liquid phase change actuators and designed an actuator that could be driven by the phase change of water in a 180.0 °C environment.
The analytical results of the shape of the ice-rich layer agreed fairly with the experimental results, by modeling the change of water permeability in the ice-rich layer in the tank.
The severity of SWR as a function of persistence was assessed by measuring the change of water drop contact angles (modified sessile drop method) with time (WDPT, water drop penetration time).
