Thus, the fixation of an advantageous mutation by selection, for example, will cause the fixation of all other polymorphisms by a process known as "genetic hitchhiking" [ 10].
It is known that nucleic acids from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are usually significantly degraded and chemically modified by formaldehyde caused by the fixation and embedding conditions [42].
A second possibility is that the faster-X effect is not due to adaptive evolution, but is instead caused by the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations by genetic drift.
Interestingly, these correlated observations also make it possible to evaluate if there are structural changes of the actin network caused by the fixation process (Supplementary Note 5 and Supplementary Fig. 6).
However, it is also stated that indentations could be an artifact caused by the fixation [12].
Two types of artifacts, i.e., debris and coating, caused by the fixation, could occur in the AFM images.
A strong alternative is that the reduced diversity on the X reflects more frequent hitchhiking events caused by the fixation of new beneficial mutations (Begun and Whitley 2000).
Co-registration of the histology was made difficult in some cases because of tissue deformation and shrinkage caused by the fixation, processing and mounting procedures [ 44] [ 45].
In this chromosome, the loss of diversity was undoubtedly caused by the fixation of inversions suppressing recombination in a heterozygous state.
Second, we show that the frequency of substitutions is increased in dog CGIs in contrast to panda CGIs, and specifically the frequency of WS substitutions, caused by the fixation bias due to gBGC.
