Wounds caused by fire, herbivorism, rock impacts, etc. cause the direct loss of photosynthetic, storage and/or vascular tissue.
Application of this scenario with the national scale model indicated greater changes in nitrate pollution caused by the land use change than those caused by the direct impacts of climate change on hydrological functioning.
This indicated that root damage by rhizotoxic treatments was caused by the direct effect of the rhizotoxic ions, and not by artificial mechanical damage.
The delayed and blunted levels of interferons, cytokines, and chemokines produced in old individuals could have been caused by the direct or indirect activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells.
Thus, the absorption minimum at 600 nm, followed by smaller wavelength by an absorption onset, is caused by the direct band gap and the fundamental absorption of Cu2– x Se.
"In my view, many of the problems have been predominantly caused by the direct actions of politicians across the political spectrum," with the system suffering "from what appears to be little more than ministers' personal whims".
However, the interaction between p85 and p110 is little decreased upon increased p42 expression that suggests that p42 does not compete with the p110 subunit for p85 binding, and a reduction of PI3K activity by p42 might not be caused by the direct abrogation of the heterodimer.
2 4 The longer term consequences of AMI are not only caused by the direct structural damage inflicted by the infarction, but also by secondary changes in the size and shape of the myocardium (ventricular remodelling).
The need for such evaluations is demonstrated by the fact that IR may be caused by the direct effects of a pollutant on insulin sensitivity or by its triggering of indirect mechanisms.
They are formed close to the burner and are presumably caused by the direct impingement of the burner flame on the lateral surface causing local overheating.
