This is mediated by Ras activation of c-Raf, causing phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK), which in turn phosphorylates ERK1/2 (28).
Interaction of PIP3 with the PH (Pleckstrin Homology) domain of AKT results in a conformational change causing phosphorylation of AKT by PKD1 and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2).
Results: Using the nuclear transcription factor CREB as a target, both the activation of the cyclic AMP PKA pathway by isoproterenol and the activation of the PKC pathway by PMA caused phosphorylation of nuclear CREB.
Interestingly, depletion of α1-antitrypsin by siRNA caused phosphorylation of ERK in MM primary bronchial epithelial cells, but did not alter the phosphorylation of ERK in ZZ cells (Fig. 3A).
Thus, it is suggested that prevention of depolymerization of cellular microtubules by taxanes causes phosphorylation of Bcl-2, thereby abrogating the normal anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 and initiating the apoptotic program in the cycling cancer cells.
We observe that the oxidative stress elicited by AUL12 causes phosphorylation of the Tyr(279/216) residue on GSK-3 α/ β, which activates the enzyme and favors its subcellular redistribution.
In L6 muscle cells, palmitate treatment significantly increased ROS levels by 25%, and caused phosphorylation of Extracellular Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK, whereas JNK was not phosphorylated.
IκB kinase (IKK), when activated by extracellular signals described above, causes phosphorylation of IκB leading to ubiquitination of IκB.
Ectopically expression of p17 in both immortalized chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells by transfection with a p17-expressing plasmid caused phosphorylation of eIF2 α that led to induction of autophagy [ 22].
Second, our results are consistent with the idea that 2-deoxyglucose acts by inhibiting glycolysis, because it caused phosphorylation and activation of AMPK in WT but not RG cells and increased cellular ADP ATP ratios but did not affect oxygen uptake.
