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Cellular stresses that inhibit ATP production or accelerate ATP consumption activate AMPK by causing increases in cellular AMP ATP and ADP ATP ratios [8], and AMPK then acts to restore energy homeostasis by switching on catabolic pathways generating ATP, while inhibiting ATP-consuming processes [1 3].
HU inhibits activation mediated by PMA and TNF-α, which are both transcriptional activators but synergistically activates virus in the presence of the posttranslationally active cytokine, IL-6, by causing increases in Sp1 and Sp3 proteins which are involved in the expression of HIV-1 LTR [ 19, 38].
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TC10DN reduced surface AMPARs by causing increased AMPAR accumulation in Arf6 endosomes apparently by blocking their exit from the endosomes.
Milk removal using the reference methods (KS, CATH, and HM) and by MM caused increases in teat wall thickness and teat canal length, which were greater with MM.
Initial colonization of Plantago roots by AMF can also cause increases in aucubin concentrations.
Rising catastrophic risks have imperiled homeowners and regional economies by causing drastic increases in insurance premiums and compelling insurance companies to drop hundreds of thousands of customers' coverage.
ROS can play a pivotal role in stimulating the inflammatory system by causing an increase in cytokines (e.g. Interleukins and TNF-α).
Light appears to reset the clock by causing an increase in the relative concentration of the slower complex [ 19], resulting in enhanced transcription of frq [ 31].
The compound mediates its EIS signal enhancement by causing an increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct) when bound to dsDNA.
The cardiovascular system responds to both physical and cognitive stresses, and their combination, by causing an increase in both heart rate (HR) and blood pressure.
Other examples involving disturbances come from grasses which can exclude trees from dry regions by causing an increase in fire frequency (Bond, Midgley & Woodward, 2003).
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