In a 2D spatial demographic expansion model, it is possible that one front of the wave drift caused by a spatial bottleneck could push low frequency alleles to increase their proportion and possibly become fixed in those populations at the edge of the geographical range of species distribution.
However, under this unconstrained model, the derivation of negative abundances is possible if the model endmembers are not pure or if they are affected by variability caused by spatial or temporal variations [9].
The branches of propagating modes were characterized by negative group velocity caused by spatial dispersion of dielectric function.
Given the fact that even the best spatial normalization procedure will not equate the ventricles of the older participants to those of the youngest participants there remains the possibility that the periventricular effect we report may be an artifact caused by spatial normalization or even smoothing.
The results show that even if the spatial average wind speed forecasting is accurate, the error of the total wind power in a wind farm, caused by spatial dispersion of wind speeds, is still evident.
Such an effect is caused by spatial variations in the coil sensitivity and largely affects tissue close to the edges of the MR tube, away from the "MR sweet spot" in the center of the tube.
Empirically, a subjective quality degradation caused by a frame drop is more serious than that caused by spatial down-sampling at low bitrate.
This lack of activation may be in part attributable to the relatively small size of the structures and the well-known spatial blurring caused by the spatial normalization procedure applied (Crivello et al. 2002).
From these observations, if 3D models were used to compare different donors' cells, we would expect that in addition to seeing variability among different donors, as in the current study, we would also observe increased intra-population variability within a single 3D culture system caused by spatial effects.
Migration is a commonly described phenomenon in nature that is often caused by spatial and temporal differences in habitat quality.
