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A sensor capable of detecting a specific DNA sequence was designed by bulk modification of a graphite epoxy composite electrode with streptavidin (2% w/w).
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Biomolecular recognition of materials by cells has been achieved by surface and bulk modification of biomaterials via chemical or physical methods with bioactive molecules such as a native long chain of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as short peptide sequences derived from intact ECM proteins that can incur specific interactions with cell receptors.
Additionally, we present some of the reported surface and bulk modifications of the scaffolds, which positively affected cell performance.
Bulk modification by incorporating pendant reactive groups for subsequent functionalization of biodegradable polymers would provide a more enduring approach.
To promote the osseointegration of PEEK, two methods, bulk modification and surface modification, have been proposed.
Surface modification of ground rubber tire (GRT) was performed by bulk polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) without using any initiator.
The exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) elicited by potent stimulation is rapidly compensated by bulk endocytosis of SV membranes leading to large endocytic vacuoles ('bulk' endosomes).
Due to the flexibility and relative ease of control of laser processing techniques and the limited or negligible effect on the bulk material, the modification of surface properties by means of such methods has been extensively investigated.
A GPA of 2.0 needs improvement by modification of the ACA and its regulations, or replacement.
In addition, we register substantial modification of bulk properties, including the complete densification accompanied with increased bulk modulus.
Thus, of all the potential means by which helpers may benefit Prochlorococcus through their modification of the bulk medium, whether by adding a nutrient or removing a growth inhibitor, the removal of HOOH was the only one consistent with a beneficial effect for Prochlorococcus.
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