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These results clearly establish CAR as a xenobiotic responsive modular protein that can be activated/deactivated by binding with agonistic and antagonistic ligands, respectively.
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This was demonstrated by stimulating each receptor with rhTRAIL in combination with blocking antibodies, as well as by stimulating each receptor with agonistic antibodies only.
By doing so, males may reduce social costs associated with agonistic interactions, by avoiding contests with potentially stronger males (badge of status) [ 7, 10].
For LTßR agonist treatment, mice were treated with agonistic anti-LTβR antibody (3C8, provided by Carl F Ware) by i.p. injection of 100 μg of antibody every 3 days for 6 days.
It has been demonstrated that overexpression of CD154 (CD40L) on T cells correlates with higher disease activity [ 5], which is confirmed by studies showing treatment of mice with agonistic anti-CD40 Abs at the time of CIA induction exacerbates disease [ 6].
The selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) exhibit specific estrogen-receptor (ER) agonistic and antagonistic activity by binding to ERα and/or β.
Unfortunately, the introduction of therapies targeting Fas with agonistic antibodies has been hampered by liver toxicity (Ogasawara et al, 1993).
To elucidate whether JNK phosphorylation was mediated by DR4 or DR5, Colo205 and HCT15 cells were treated with agonistic antibodies against DR4 or DR5.
As with other chemokines with agonistic activity, CCR2 activation is followed by internalization [ 22] and several studies reported CCR2 disappearance from cell surface following exposure to MCP1 [ 21].
CD40-activated macrophages could potentially mediate tumor cell death by expressing TRAIL, although no evidence for TRAIL was found in a study of B16 melanoma treated with agonistic anti-CD40 antibody plus CpG [59].
Expansion of CD8+ effector cells seen with agonistic 4-1BB-specific antibodies may have a regulatory impact on immune responses; also, cell populations other than T cells express 4-1BB are are influenced by agonistic antibodies.
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