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Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall by binding to endothelial CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein (CXCL16).
Indeed, C1q has been shown to play a role in vascular regeneration by binding to endothelial cells and promoting endothelial adhesion and spreading and exert proangiogenic effects like stimulation of endothelial proliferation, migration and permeability.
LFA-1 mediates slow leucocyte rolling and induction of firm adhesion by binding to endothelial ICAM-1, whereas Mac-1 plays a predominant role, for example in intraluminal crawling via ICAM-1.
It has been suggested that, by binding to endothelial APC receptor (EPCR) and to protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), APC initiates cytoprotective reactions, gene expression profile alterations, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects [ 8- 11].
Intravenously administered iRGD peptide initially accumulates in tumour vessels by binding to endothelial αv integrin, and then its C-terminus is cleaved to expose an arginine or lysine residue (=C-end rule (CendR) motif), before drug penetration deeply into the parenchyma of solid tumours occurs through interaction with NRP1 (Sugahara et al, 2009; Teesalu et al, 2009).
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Integrin α4β1 is also used by neutrophils for binding to endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule.
Kallistatin, through its heparin-binding site, inhibits TNF-α and HMGB1-induced inflammation by antagonizing their binding to endothelial cell surfaces [ 21, 25].
T cell polarization and crawling is mediated by LFA-1 binding to endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 with no further contribution of α4-integrin/VCAM-1 [ 61, 65, 73].
Thus a binding signature exhibited by parasites isolated from children with severe malaria is similar to that exhibited by a parasite line selected for binding to endothelial cells with a receptor distribution similar to that seen in the brain.
MBL does not only seem to aggravate reperfusion damage by impacting on renal parenchymal cells but also via its binding to endothelial cells.
Enhanced binding to endothelial cells led to improved biological activity, indicated by the results of endothelial cell proliferation and migration assays.
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