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Toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kill insects by binding to cells in their guts and causing the cells to burst.
Many of the earlier Fc fusions generally were constructed using receptor exodomains in immune pathways (e.g., TNFRSF18 [p75], CD58 [LFA3], CTLA4, IL1R1 [IL-1 receptor]) fused to the Fc to modulate the immune system, either by blocking soluble cytokines or by binding to cells.
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The RGD-motif is a well-described tripeptide, that by binding to cell surface integrins facilitates virus entry into cells.
Unlike traditional small-molecule chemotherapeutics, protein biologics promote active targeting of cancer cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and other markers specifically associated with or overexpressed on tumors versus healthy tissue.
Recent studies demonstrated that food allergens were protected from lysosomal degradation, and were transported in large quantities across the epithelium by binding to cell surface IgE/CD23 (FceRII) that prevented the antigenic protein from lysosomal degradation in enterocytes.
MIF may exert autocrine effects through binding to intracellular JAB1 [13] and also paracrine effects by binding to cell-surface receptors [14].
The biological functions of chemokines are mediated by binding to cell surface chemokine receptors, which belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) [29].
Because higher eukaryotic cells do not have a cell wall and because LL-37 exerts its effects by binding to cell-wall components, these components may be drug candidates for Candida infection.
In general, protein domains exposed on the surface of viruses play fundamental roles in infection by binding to cell receptors, promoting cell fusion processes, or interacting with elements of the host immune system [11], [15], [16], [32].
Type-1 IFNs mediate their effects by binding to cell surface receptors, activating downstream interferon-stimulated genes or ISGs, among which more than 15 genes have pro-apoptotic functions [40].
The biological activity of PGE2 is mediated by binding to cell surface receptors.
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