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Once secreted Pet exerts its toxic effects by being internalized into host cells where it cleaves the host cytoskeletal protein spectrin [94], [95].
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One popular model had PRRSV first interacting with heparin sulfate followed by binding to sialoadhesin and then being internalized into an endosome.
Additional studies are needed to determine to what extent the substrates bound by F1SBPs are internalized into the cell and how this interaction occurs at the structural level.
As the hyperbranched polyamines could be endocytosed by the cells [41, 42], the CdTe QDs capped by HPAMAM also can be internalized into cells without other transfection reagent.
DT is cleaved at the surface of sensitive eukaryotic cells by the enzyme furin, and following receptor (the heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like precursor) binding, the di-chain protein that is linked by a single disulfide bond is internalized into clathrin coated pits and reaches the lumen of a developing endosome.
Regarding the possible mechanisms of action of SMA-THP conjugate, it was reported that albumin was taken up by tumor cells and degraded to generate amino acids and energy in the cells, by which albumin-conjugated drugs were internalized into tumor cells.
A complex formed by the PA63 heptamer and either EF or LF or both is internalized into the cell by receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent, endocytosis [30].
External siderophore-iron complexes are recognized and translocated to the periplasm by outer membrane TonB-dependent receptors, and once in the periplasm they are internalized into the cytoplasm by ABC-type transporters.
Thus, GFP-8 is internalized into MVB by mechanisms similar to those operating on RhoB.
In addition to a well-defined biosynthetic pathway, polyamines are internalized into cells by as yet incompletely defined mechanisms.
By contrast, ADR-HSA NPs can be internalized into the tumor cells with a high positive ratio.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com