However, the ribbon or bundle models cannot apply at low hydration (<3 water molecules per Nafion side group), since we show that the interfacial area in this regime must increase strongly with hydration, being determined by the available surface area of the water molecules.
The binding of cellulase enzymes onto insoluble and heterogeneous lignocellulosic biomass has been reported to have a strong role in governing the rates and yields of hydrolysis of cellulose [ 3, 46], and also to be influenced by the available surface area of cellulose [ 46, 47].
The development of nanostructured surfaces can enhance molecular interaction with sensors by increasing the available surface area.
Incorporated into an entubulation strategy, these scaffolds have the potential to enhance nerve regeneration after transection injuries of either the spinal cord or the peripheral nerve by increasing the available surface area and providing guidance to extending axons and invading cells.
The reduced capillary surface area in IGT and type 2 diabetes is associated with lower glucose uptake during insulin infusion (9); therefore, low skeletal muscle capillarization, along with defects in insulin signaling, can contribute to insulin resistance in IGT and type 2 diabetes by decreasing the available surface area for diffusion of insulin and glucose (10, 11).
This may be explained by the increase in available surface area provided by the loops.
In fact the slopes of the cathodic (β c) and anodic (β a) Tafel lines (Table 2) are slightly changed upon addition of the inhibitors indicating that inhibitors act by simply blocking the available surface area [32].
Alternatively, cell density may suppress protein transduction by reducing cell size and/or available surface area [ 25].
Besides crystallinity, the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose is influenced by other factors, such as available surface area, degree of polymerization (DP), moisture content, and lignin content [ 31].
However, differences in observed enzyme hydrolysis kinetics may be governed by other characteristics such as available surface area, degree of polymerization and particle size.
