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In this study, all three aspects were captured and quantified by applying a spatial autocorrelation modeling approach.
In schlieren optics the light beam is brought to a sharp focus and the refracted rays are detected by applying a spatial filter.
Briefly, the two-part algorithm begins by identifying the approximate position of transcription sites by applying a spatial bandpass filter to the image.
This raw prevalence was adjusted by applying a Spatial Empirical Bayes smoothing (SEB), i.e. adjusted (i) for the potential biasing effects of variance instability due to differences in the size of the population at risk, and (ii) considering the estimates from neighboring areas [ 22].
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We stabilize the wavefields by applying a spatial-frequency domain high-cut filter when calculating the spatial derivatives using the PSM.
Other approaches use statistical image processing [ 23] or filtering in the spatial frequency domain by either applying a spatial carrier frequency [ 24] or by using the induced spatial frequency shift of the moving structure per se [ 25, 34].
This spatial information extraction is performed by applying a low-pass spatial filter to the PAN image, f i l t e r e d P A N = h 0 * P A N, (5).
By applying an explicitly spatial lens to conceptualize energy poverty as a form of injustice, it contributes to debates in the domain of 'energy justice', where previous examinations of energy deprivation through a justice framing have focused on inequalities between social groups and often marginalized questions of spatial difference.
Following electrical stimulation of cell 1 with a carrier wave at frequency ν, each image was preprocessed by applying a 3 by 3 mean spatial filter to reduce acquisition noise.
Several studies have investigated this potential risk by applying a variety of spatial statistical methods to both small area-level and individual-level data, 4 7 although they have had limited ability to control for confounding factors such as deprivation and other industrial emissions.
Basically, the algorithm proceeds by applying a convolution between each spatial-filtered frame obtained from the previous stage (I in the algorithm), and an oriented filter F θ previously calculated.
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