Sentence examples for by an upper layer from inspiring English sources

A two-layer soil model is generally represented by an upper layer soil of a finite depth h, sitting above a lower layer of infinite depth.

The lower part is calcified in situ by aragonite, progressing upwards into uncalcified kerogen characterised by up to 1% sulphur, followed by an upper layer that contains intact filaments at the surface.

This study showed that the microstructure of the as-deposited films consists of a dense layer covered by a porous upper layer developing a SEF of 12 13 m2 m22.

The developed strategy aims at the case in which the controller performs in the output-tracking scheme following an optimal set point that is provided by an upper optimization layer of the plant control structure.

Infertile podzol soils predominate in the mountains and are characterized by an ash-coloured upper layer resulting from the leaching of all but their insoluble quartz particles by the acids generated in the slow decay of pine needles and other litter of the forest floors.

The deficiency of such hierarchy is that the tracking of the steady-state set-points, that are computed by the upper layer, is accomplished by the lower layer in an economically non-optimal way.

A decentralisation of the lower layer controller into a number of independent local controllers allocated to selected sub-areas of a distribution system by using the interaction trajectories determined by the upper layer is discussed.

The control trajectories optimising the operational cost over one day to one week horizon are generated by the upper layer.

The lower layer LEMPC uses a shorter prediction horizon and smaller sampling period than the upper layer LEMPC and involves explicit performance-based constraints computed by the upper layer LEMPC.

The lower layer uses as setpoint the output generated by the upper layer to automatically track the operating point despite any disturbances affecting the plant.

The number of multicast packets per frame required to be transmitted by base stations with multicast messages to distribute is assigned by the upper layer operations and is determined by the statistics of total offered load and the desired delay-throughput performance metrics.