However, after four hours we observed a significant increase in the number of trophallaxis events performed by bees offered scented sucrose compared to those offered an unscented solution (Mann-Whitney test: Z = −2.64, p = 0.008, N = 13; Fig. 9).
An unscented solution (15% w/w) was made available during the first 13 days, and then replaced by a scented one (50 µl LIO/L solution) for 24 h, after which the unscented solution was offered again.
The high CR levels together with the low GRSs (found 24 h after replacing the scented food by an unscented sucrose solution) are additional factors that make it unlikely that these responses are consequences of short lived US properties of the CS [27].
No significant differences were found between scores after 24 h of stimulation with LIO-scented food versus scores of bees tested six hours after replacing the scented solution by an unscented one, i.e. after 30 hours (Dunn comparison: p>0.2; Fig. 4B).
Foraging bees from the observation hive were trained to an artificial feeder offering either an unscented sucrose solution (15% w/w) or a LIO-scented sucrose solution (50 µl LIO/L of 15% w/w sucrose solution) for 8 and 24 hours.
To minimize the effects of prior olfactory experiences on gustatory responsiveness and memory retention, the colony was exposed to a solution-odor sequence: the unscented solution was presented for 8 h on day 1, the scented solution was presented for 8 h on day 2.
GRSs of 14 day-old bees fed with an unscented sucrose solution did not differ over the 48 hour timescale tested (K W: H = 0.514, p = 0.916, N = 107, Fig. 4A).
The GRSs of 14-day old (older pre-foraging) bees did not appear to be affected when fed with an unscented sucrose solution with (K W: H = 2.91, p = 0.23, N = 178; Fig. 2D) or without LIO odor in their rearing environment (K W: H = 4.79, p = 0.091, N = 157; Fig. 2E).
(3) The factor products, which are mathematically intractable, are solved by an unscented particle filtering.
Kelly and Sukhatme (2009) proposed a camera-IMU self-calibration method within the SLAM framework implemented by an unscented Kalman filter.
