A new measurement method is usually validated by comparison to an existing, established reference method, even a gold standard.
The testing commenced as described by Stern [21], who established reference values with the mean volumes of dominant hands about 9 ml bigger than those of non-dominant hands (test-retest reliability r = 0.91 0.99) [21].
Recent work by Armstrong et al. established reference ranges for various urinary and plasma hydration biomarkers relative to deciles of total water intake volume; this suggests the possibility of a linear association between intake and hydration biomarkers.
This presents a difficulty in assessing these new agents, as no established reference standard exists by which to judge their effectiveness [ 20, 21].
Episodes of joint attention provide children with a great deal of information about objects by establishing reference and intention.
In addition, by establishing reference points, the patient's neutral head posture (NHP) is recorded and transferred to the 3-D models.
41 The literature shows that ICAM values are age related, and when applying the cutoff point for our study we chose a study by Andrys et al 42 to establish reference range for serum soluble adhesion molecules in healthy children and adolescents aged 6 15 years, defined by values between the fifth and 95th percentiles for each inflammatory marker.
According to a typical causal theorist, many terms are coined in a "baptismal ceremony," during which the dubber points at an object in her perceptual field (hence, the object's causal role), and establishes reference by appeal to this object.
Reconceptualising noted clinical practice issues by reference to an established patient safety framework in this way has been advocated as a method to enhance understanding of patient safety challenges and build safer care processes [ 79].
For characterization of roughness, form and waviness are separated from the measured surface by establishing a reference surface that represents these deviations.
