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The crack is simulated by an equivalent spring, connecting the two segments of the beam.
To make it easy for the theoretical analysis and control of linear compressor, the gas force is generally represented by an equivalent spring and an equivalent damper, thus the linear model of gas force is important to the precision of the theoretical model.
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The action of the suspension bridge cables is represented by an equivalent horizontal spring at the top of the tower.
A mechanistically simple representation of the networks is proposed by means of a model of two springs in parallel, replaced by an equivalent single spring.
There was an upward trend after 1997 – with steady increases in participation by the lower-middle class and skilled manual workers – but that has been matched by an equivalent decline since 2005.
Interatomic interactions are simulated by equivalent spring elements with stiffness derived by corresponding potential energies provided by molecular theory and expressing the resistance in relative movements between carbon atoms under deformation.
The damage is simulated by an equivalent linear elastic spring.
Until recently, the euro's share of global foreign reserves had been increasing -- by 9 percent since its launch in 1999 to 27 percent last year -- at the expense of the dollar, whose share had decreased by an equivalent amount to 61 percent last year.
The liquid bridge is modelled by an equivalent spring/dashpot/mass system characterised by the spring constant k, the damping coefficient b and the equivalent mass m, respectively.
begin{aligned} H_o = frac{3}{8} H end{aligned} (1) begin{aligned} M_o = M frac{ tanh (sqrt{3}L/H)}{sqrt{3}L/H} end{aligned} (2 For unit length of the aqueduct, the sloshing effect of water in channel is represented by an equivalent convective water mass (M_n) (Housner 1954).
Progress is ahead for the target of halving the gap for Indigenous people aged between 20 and 24 who complete Year 12 or an equivalent by 2020.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com