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We addressed this in the incidence calculations by adjusting for potential compositional bias separately for urban and rural participants.
Although allocation of interventions was not randomised, we accounted for differences in hospitals by adjusting for potential confounders and comparing outcomes between baseline and intervention phases within the same study arm.
However, we reduced the possible effects of indication bias by excluding patients who received NAB before microbiological results had become available and by adjusting for potential confounding variables, such as disease severity and Candida load.
We further investigated associations by adjusting for potential confounders, as well as infant and maternal covariates selected based on both a priori knowledge and empirical consideration of their association with exposure and an outcome.
By adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, race, if having public assistance), the multivariate analysis showed that children receiving applications were about 2.1 times more likely to be insured than children in the control group, by transforming the OR the authors reported to the RR (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 8.6 to RR 2.13, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.75).
These results were not altered by adjusting for potential confounding factors or excluding the first 3 years of follow-up from the analysis, which indicated that the effects of the cancers themselves on bowel habits were not responsible for the associations.
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The strengths of the estimated associations between genotype and risk factor were little changed by also adjusting for potential confounders.
This was done by adjusting for all potential confounders and then by removing one by one in a stepwise manner the least significant confounding variables as long as the total proportional change in effect estimates compared with the fully adjusted model was less than 10%.
By adjusting for multiple potential confounders, such as the gestational age at which the BP rose, we may have reduced the likelihood that antihypertensive drug use was merely a marker of both the acuity and degree of hypertension and, accordingly, the associated risk of preterm delivery and neonatal prematurity.
In this study we found that exposure to wood fuel burning for cooking during pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased odds of LBW (OR = 1.86) and a reduced mean birth weight of infants (by 82 g), adjusting for potential covariates.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.
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