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Although it is possible that people who were already ill watched more television than those who were healthy, the researchers tried to rule that out by excluding subjects who already had heart disease and by adjusting for differences in risk factors like diet and smoking.
The identification of the counterfactual outcome is possible after invoking two key assumptions that together imply that one can estimate the average treatment effects by adjusting for differences in pre-treatment covariates between treated and untreated samples.
This study is aimed at quantifying the prospective association between measured physical activity and fat mass in children, using a meta-analysis method that allows inclusion of heterogeneous studies by adjusting for differences through eliciting and incorporating expert opinion.
We addressed this concern as best we could by adjusting for differences in annual height change.
We aimed to reduce the potential impact of selective inclusion by adjusting for differences in case mix.
Expressing costs in international dollars facilitates more meaningful comparisons across subregions by adjusting for differences in local relative prices.
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We tried to control confounding by adjusting for different covariates in difference scales but adjustment for none of them changed the association substantially.
Subsequently, only some studies have made comparisons by statistically adjusting for differences between persons with MS and a reference population.
The caveat with this design is that transsexual persons before sex reassignment might differ from healthy controls (although this bias can be statistically corrected for by adjusting for baseline differences).
Unlike some other methods, our algorithm accounts for staining variability by adjusting for the differences between stained and unstained nuclei.
By adjusting for these differences, cross-country comparisons in findings from internet surveys can be made with greater validity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com