In conditions of FCS deprivation (0.2% FCS), we almost totally abrogated EVER2 effects on cell death even at high concentrations, suggesting that EVER2-induced cell death was mainly triggered by extrinsic factors activating cell surface receptors.
These factors can affect surrounding cells by activating various cell surface receptors and corresponding signal transduction pathways that may lead to multiple pathologies, including cancer.
In the present study, we showed that kallistatin, through its active site, stimulated SOCS3 expression by activating a cell surface tyrosine kinase, and thus PKC-ERK signaling.
Although many data have identified α2M* as a natural ligand of cell surface GRP78, the mechanism by which α2M* activates cell surface GRP78 remains unclear.
Such components can affect adjacent niches by activating various cell surface receptors and corresponding signal transduction pathways, actively causing multiple disorders.
Both extreme heat and capsaicin, the chemical that gives certain peppers and foods their fire, are thought to elicit pain by activating a cell surface protein, or receptor, called TRPV1 or VR1.
LTB4 is a locally generated lipid inflammatory agent that initiates and coordinates inflammation by activating its cell surface receptor.
For example, microbial metabolites and cellular products released in response to the damage caused by alcohol and its metabolites activate cell surface (e.g., TLR4) and intracellular (e.g., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]-like) receptors (Cohen et al. 2011; Petrasek et al. 2013).
Ras proteins are attached to the inner side of the plasma membrane where they are activated by cell surface receptors to induce the conversion of the inactive Ras, guanosine-diphosphate (GDP), to active Ras-GTP [12], [31].
