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Fasting isoglycemia was maintained by a variable glucose infusion based on plasma glucose measurements performed at 5-min intervals.
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Isoglycemia (120 mg/dL) was maintained with a variable glucose infusion.
A variable glucose infusion was then adjusted to maintain the targeted glucose level.
The insulin concentration was acutely raised and maintained by a continuous infusion of insulin and the glucose concentration was held constant at basal levels (5 mmol/L), by variable glucose infusion.
Euglycemia was maintained by variable glucose infusion (glucose 10%; Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany), which was administered with a perfusion pump (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany).
Plasma glucose concentration was then increased to 10 mmol/L by a body weight-adjusted IV bolus of 20% glucose, and a variable 20% glucose infusion was adjusted to maintain the targeted glucose level.
By means of a variable 20% glucose infusion 'steady state' (minute 90 120) conditions for plasma glucose concentration and specific activity were achieved.
Insulin was infused at a rate of 40 mU/m ⋅ min for 120 min; plasma glucose was kept at 5 mmol/L by a variable infusion of 20% glucose.
Insulin was given as an IV bolus (0.1 units × kg body weight × desired plasma insulin concentration of 100 mU/l) over 10 min followed by a continuous infusion at 80 mU/min per m for 120 min. Plasma glucose concentration was maintained at 5 mmol/l by a variable infusion of 20% glucose.
At t = 120 min, a 3-hour primed constant infusion of insulin (Actrapid, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was started (40 mU/m·min), and glucose was clamped by a variable co-infusion of 20% glucose with tracer added.
It has also been well established that the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus is preceded by a variable period of abnormal glucose homeostasis, characterized by progressive insulin resistance (IR) and impairment of β-cell function [ 2].
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