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A murine monoclonal antibody, m357, showing the highly neutralizing activities for human tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was chosen to be humanized by a variable domain resurfacing approach.
CLE proteins usually include a signal peptide at the N-terminus followed by a variable domain and a conserved CLE domain composed of 12 14 amino acids at the C-terminus [ 1– 3].
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Each TCR chain is composed of a constant and a variable domain, followed by a membrane-spanning region and a short cytosolic tail.
Commonly, CIPK proteins consist of a conserved N-terminal kinase domain, and a C-terminal regulatory domain, which is separated from the kinase domain by a variable junction domain.
Cathelicidins are so called because of a highly conserved N-terminal-coding N-terminal-coding N-terminal-codingwn as the cathelin domain, followed by a highly varegion dofain which codes for pepthees with antimicrobial activity [ 12].
As in CIPKs from Arabidopsis, all BnaCIPKs consisted of a conserved N-terminal kinase domain, followed by a variable junction domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain, (Additional file 4A).
The IGFBPs have a common architecture consisting of conserved N- and C-terminal domains joined by a variable linker domain.
The predicted surface-exposed N-terminal region possesses the following elements: (i) 6 to 8 repeats of 39 to 42 amino acids each (sarpin repeats), (ii) a central conserved region of 330 amino acids followed by (iii) a more variable domain of about 110 amino acids.
In general, the myosin protomer consists of a long polypeptide known as the heavy chain comprising an ~80 kDa head domain followed by a variable length tail domain.
The specificity of FutA and FutB is, moreover, directed by the nature of a short variable domain that dictates the enzymes towards either α1,3- and/or α1,4-FucT activity [36], [42].
Humanization by antibody variable domain resurfacing was chosen for minimization of immunogenicity of the murine antibody V5B2.
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